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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) revised Radionuclides Rule became effective on December 8, 2003.Regulated radionuclides include radium-226 (Ra-226), radium-228 (Ra-228), gross alphaparticle activity, uranium (U), beta particle and photon radioactivity. In accordance withthe Rule, all community water systems must complete initial compliance monitoring byDecember 31, 2007. Water systems in areas of the country with elevated levels ofnaturally occurring radionuclides or located near facilities that could potentiallycontaminate source waters with radioactive substances may have to install new orupgrade existing treatment systems to meet the revised standards, if other options such asdeveloping alternative water sources and blending with non-contaminated water are nottechnically or economically feasible.This paper presents an overview of the revised Radionuclides Rule requirements, publichealth risks of exposure to radionuclides in drinking water, available treatmenttechnologies to remove radionuclides from drinking water, and several case studies fortreatment to comply with the Rule. Available treatment technologies include air stripping,granular activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening,greensand filtration, electrodialysis reversal, pre-formed hydrous manganese oxidefiltration, activated alumina adsorption, coagulation/filtration, and proprietary mediaadsorption such as the WRT systems provided by Water Remediation Technology, LLC.Each of these technologies may be applicable to treatment of one or more regulatedradionuclides. Based on the results of a recent study for small systems (10,000population) in the State of Texas, comparison of capital and operation and maintenancecosts of applicable treatment technologies for several case studies is presented. Includes 5 references, tables.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 01/01/2008 Number of Pages: 10File Size: 1 file , 240 KB