Full Description

Alameda County Water District (ACWD) serves the cities of Fremont, Newark and Union City, California. Commercial, Industrial and Institutional (CII) customers comprise 30% of ACWD customer base. A pilot program, conducted in 1998, identified the ten most significant CII water user categories, and performed an Industrial Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) at one firm from each of the top five water-using industries. Pilot surveys quantified cost effective measures for each industrial and large institutional customer group. This paper describes the implementation of the second phase of the CII program during 1999-2001, which consisted of performing water efficiency surveys at seventeen industrial and institutional facilities. The studies identified several opportunities to increase water efficiency at the plants surveyed. These included repairing large leaks, eliminating once through cooling, replacing high flow sanitary fixtures and increasing cooling tower efficiency. If these measures are implemented, the CII flow could be reduced by as much as 17%; larger reductions are possible if opportunities involving reuse and/or recycling are implemented. The studies also determined the range of water efficiency for cooling towers and reverse osmosis ultrapure water production equipment within the District, and evaluated the relative water efficiency performance of several water conservation, reuse and recycling opportunities already implemented by some District CII customers. This information will be used to recommend future improvements at other plants. Includes table, figure.

Product Details

Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 01/01/2002 Number of Pages: 8File Size: 1 file , 230 KB